木材干燥—— 空气的湿度
空气的湿度
空气的湿度有两种概念,即绝对湿度和相对湿度。
(1)绝对湿度 每m3湿空气中所含水蒸气的质量,称为湿空气的绝对湿度。在数值上等于水蒸气在其分压力υ和温度t下的密度,用ρυ(kg/m3)表示。它只能表明湿空气中实际含水蒸气的多少。
(2)湿容量 饱和湿空气的绝对湿度称为湿容量,用ρO表示。
湿容量表示湿空气容纳水蒸气的能力,它与温度有关,随着温度升高明显增加。
(3)相对湿度 湿空气中水蒸气的实际含量,与同温同压下的最大可能含量ρo的比值,称为相对湿度,即绝对湿度与湿容量之比,用φ表示:
φ= (1-3)
又由理想气体状态方程式得:
所以φ (1-4)
即相对湿度又可定义为湿空气的水蒸气分压力υ与饱和湿空气的水蒸气分压力(即饱和蒸气压) o之比。由于 o随温度升高而增大,故当υ一定时,相对湿度φ随温度升高而减少。
相对湿度可称作空气的饱和度,表明一定温度下空气被水蒸气饱和的程度,常用百分率表示。φ值越小,表明湿空气继续容纳水蒸气的能力越强,当φ=0时,就是干空气。相反,φ值越大表明它吸收水蒸气的能力越小,当φ=100%时,就成为饱和湿空气,失去了吸收水分的能力。
相对湿度既可用湿度计来测定,也可用经验公式计算。
湿度计由两支精度相同的温度计组成。一支温度计的温包外裹着洁净且吸水性好的纱布,纱布下端浸在清水中,使纱布保持湿润状态。这支包裹着湿纱布的温度计叫作湿球温度计,用它测得的温度叫作湿球温度tM 。另一支温包,不包纱布的温度计叫作干球温度计,用它测得的温度叫作干球温度t 。在不饱和空气中,湿球纱布所含的水分向空气中蒸发;水分蒸发时从湿球吸取热量,使得湿球温度小于干球温度(即空气温度)。干球温度和湿球温度之间的差值(Δt=t-tM)叫作湿度计差,或干湿球温度差。空气越干,湿度计差越大,湿物料的水分蒸发越快。反之,空气越湿,湿度计差越小,湿物料的水分蒸发越慢。当空气被水蒸气饱和时(φ=100%),湿度计差为零,此时湿物料的水分停止蒸发。
根据干球温度和干湿球温度差,查表1-1可求得相对湿度值。
相对湿度也可由卡锐尔—卡喷特尔(Carrier-Carpenter)1982年的经验方程来计算:
表1-1 干燥介质相对湿度表φ% 气流速度为1.5~2.5m/s
干燥介质
温度t(℃)
|
干 湿 球 温 度 差 Δt(℃)
|
干燥介质
温度t(℃)
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
0
|
1
|
2
|
3
|
4
|
5
|
6
|
7
|
8
|
9
|
10
|
11
|
12
|
13
|
14
|
15
|
16
|
17
|
18
|
19
|
20
|
22
|
24
|
26
|
28
|
30
|
32
|
34
|
36
|
38
|
||
30
|
100
|
93
|
87
|
79
|
73
|
66
|
60
|
55
|
50
|
44
|
39
|
34
|
30
|
25
|
20
|
16
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
30
|
32
|
100
|
93
|
87
|
80
|
73
|
67
|
62
|
57
|
52
|
46
|
41
|
36
|
32
|
28
|
23
|
19
|
16
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
32
|
34
|
100
|
94
|
87
|
81
|
74
|
68
|
63
|
58
|
54
|
48
|
43
|
38
|
34
|
30
|
26
|
22
|
19
|
15
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
34
|
36
|
100
|
94
|
88
|
81
|
75
|
69
|
64
|
59
|
55
|
50
|
45
|
40
|
36
|
32
|
28
|
25
|
21
|
18
|
14
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
36
|
38
|
100
|
94
|
88
|
82
|
76
|
70
|
65
|
60
|
56
|
51
|
46
|
42
|
38
|
34
|
30
|
27
|
24
|
20
|
17
|
14
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
38
|
40
|
100
|
94
|
88
|
82
|
76
|
71
|
66
|
61
|
57
|
53
|
48
|
44
|
40
|
36
|
32
|
29
|
26
|
23
|
20
|
16
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
40
|
42
|
100
|
94
|
89
|
83
|
77
|
72
|
67
|
62
|
58
|
54
|
49
|
46
|
42
|
38
|
34
|
31
|
28
|
25
|
22
|
19
|
16
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
42
|
44
|
100
|
94
|
89
|
83
|
78
|
73
|
68
|
63
|
59
|
55
|
51
|
48
|
43
|
40
|
36
|
33
|
30
|
27
|
24
|
21
|
18
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
44
|
46
|
100
|
94
|
89
|
84
|
79
|
74
|
69
|
64
|
60
|
56
|
51
|
48
|
44
|
41
|
38
|
34
|
31
|
28
|
25
|
22
|
20
|
16
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
46
|
48
|
100
|
95
|
90
|
84
|
79
|
74
|
70
|
65
|
61
|
57
|
52
|
49
|
46
|
42
|
39
|
36
|
33
|
30
|
27
|
24
|
22
|
17
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
48
|
50
|
100
|
95
|
90
|
84
|
79
|
75
|
70
|
66
|
62
|
58
|
54
|
50
|
47
|
44
|
41
|
37
|
34
|
31
|
29
|
26
|
24
|
19
|
14
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
50
|
52
|
100
|
95
|
90
|
84
|
80
|
75
|
71
|
67
|
63
|
59
|
55
|
51
|
48
|
45
|
42
|
38
|
36
|
33
|
30
|
27
|
25
|
20
|
16
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
52
|
54
|
100
|
95
|
90
|
84
|
80
|
76
|
72
|
68
|
64
|
60
|
56
|
52
|
49
|
46
|
43
|
39
|
37
|
34
|
32
|
29
|
27
|
22
|
18
|
14
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
54
|
56
|
100
|
95
|
90
|
85
|
81
|
76
|
72
|
68
|
64
|
60
|
57
|
53
|
50
|
47
|
44
|
41
|
38
|
35
|
33
|
30
|
28
|
23
|
19
|
15
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
56
|
58
|
100
|
95
|
90
|
85
|
81
|
77
|
73
|
69
|
65
|
61
|
58
|
54
|
51
|
48
|
45
|
42
|
39
|
36
|
34
|
31
|
29
|
25
|
20
|
17
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
58
|
60
|
100
|
95
|
90
|
86
|
81
|
77
|
73
|
69
|
65
|
61
|
58
|
55
|
52
|
49
|
46
|
43
|
40
|
37
|
35
|
32
|
30
|
26
|
22
|
18
|
14
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
60
|
62
|
100
|
95
|
91
|
86
|
82
|
78
|
74
|
70
|
66
|
62
|
59
|
56
|
53
|
50
|
47
|
44
|
41
|
38
|
36
|
33
|
31
|
27
|
23
|
19
|
16
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
62
|
64
|
100
|
95
|
91
|
86
|
82
|
78
|
74
|
70
|
67
|
63
|
60
|
57
|
54
|
51
|
48
|
45
|
42
|
39
|
37
|
34
|
32
|
28
|
24
|
20
|
17
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
64
|
66
|
100
|
95
|
91
|
86
|
82
|
78
|
75
|
71
|
67
|
63
|
60
|
57
|
54
|
51
|
49
|
46
|
43
|
40
|
38
|
35
|
33
|
29
|
25
|
22
|
18
|
15
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
66
|
68
|
100
|
95
|
91
|
87
|
82
|
78
|
75
|
71
|
68
|
64
|
61
|
58
|
55
|
52
|
49
|
46
|
44
|
41
|
39
|
36
|
34
|
30
|
26
|
23
|
19
|
16
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
68
|
70
|
100
|
96
|
91
|
87
|
83
|
79
|
76
|
72
|
68
|
64
|
61
|
58
|
55
|
52
|
50
|
47
|
44
|
41
|
39
|
37
|
35
|
31
|
27
|
24
|
20
|
17
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
70
|
72
|
100
|
96
|
91
|
87
|
83
|
79
|
76
|
72
|
69
|
65
|
62
|
59
|
56
|
53
|
50
|
47
|
45
|
42
|
40
|
38
|
36
|
32
|
28
|
25
|
21
|
18
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
72
|
74
|
100
|
96
|
92
|
87
|
84
|
80
|
76
|
72
|
69
|
65
|
63
|
60
|
56
|
53
|
51
|
48
|
46
|
43
|
41
|
39
|
37
|
33
|
29
|
26
|
22
|
19
|
14
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
74
|
76
|
100
|
96
|
92
|
87
|
84
|
80
|
77
|
73
|
70
|
66
|
64
|
61
|
57
|
54
|
52
|
49
|
47
|
44
|
42
|
40
|
38
|
34
|
30
|
27
|
23
|
20
|
15
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
76
|
78
|
100
|
96
|
92
|
88
|
84
|
80
|
77
|
73
|
70
|
66
|
64
|
61
|
58
|
55
|
53
|
50
|
48
|
45
|
42
|
40
|
38
|
34
|
31
|
27
|
24
|
21
|
16
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
78
|
80
|
100
|
96
|
92
|
88
|
84
|
80
|
77
|
73
|
70
|
66
|
64
|
61
|
58
|
55
|
53
|
50
|
48
|
45
|
43
|
41
|
39
|
35
|
31
|
28
|
25
|
22
|
17
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
80
|
82
|
100
|
96
|
92
|
88
|
84
|
80
|
77
|
74
|
71
|
67
|
65
|
62
|
59
|
56
|
54
|
51
|
49
|
46
|
44
|
42
|
40
|
36
|
32
|
29
|
26
|
23
|
18
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
82
|
84
|
100
|
96
|
92
|
88
|
84
|
80
|
77
|
74
|
71
|
38
|
65
|
62
|
59
|
56
|
54
|
51
|
49
|
46
|
44
|
42
|
40
|
36
|
32
|
29
|
26
|
23
|
19
|
14
|
—
|
—
|
84
|
86
|
100
|
96
|
92
|
88
|
84
|
80
|
78
|
75
|
72
|
69
|
66
|
63
|
60
|
57
|
55
|
52
|
50
|
47
|
45
|
43
|
41
|
37
|
33
|
30
|
27
|
24
|
20
|
15
|
—
|
—
|
86
|
88
|
100
|
96
|
92
|
89
|
85
|
81
|
78
|
75
|
72
|
69
|
66
|
63
|
60
|
57
|
55
|
52
|
50
|
48
|
46
|
44
|
42
|
38
|
34
|
31
|
28
|
25
|
21
|
16
|
—
|
—
|
88
|
90
|
100
|
97
|
93
|
89
|
85
|
81
|
79
|
75
|
72
|
69
|
66
|
63
|
61
|
58
|
56
|
53
|
51
|
49
|
47
|
45
|
43
|
39
|
35
|
32
|
29
|
26
|
22
|
18
|
—
|
—
|
90
|
92
|
100
|
97
|
93
|
90
|
86
|
82
|
79
|
76
|
73
|
70
|
67
|
64
|
62
|
59
|
57
|
54
|
52
|
50
|
47
|
45
|
43
|
39
|
36
|
33
|
30
|
26
|
22
|
19
|
16
|
—
|
92
|
94
|
100
|
97
|
93
|
90
|
86
|
82
|
79
|
76
|
73
|
70
|
67
|
65
|
62
|
60
|
57
|
54
|
82
|
50
|
48
|
46
|
44
|
40
|
37
|
33
|
30
|
27
|
23
|
20
|
17
|
—
|
94
|
96
|
100
|
97
|
93
|
90
|
87
|
83
|
80
|
76
|
73
|
70
|
68
|
65
|
62
|
60
|
58
|
55
|
53
|
51
|
48
|
46
|
44
|
41
|
37
|
34
|
31
|
28
|
24
|
21
|
18
|
—
|
96
|
98
|
100
|
97
|
93
|
90
|
87
|
83
|
80
|
77
|
74
|
71
|
68
|
65
|
63
|
60
|
58
|
55
|
53
|
51
|
49
|
47
|
45
|
41
|
38
|
34
|
31
|
28
|
25
|
22
|
19
|
16
|
98
|
100
|
100
|
97
|
93
|
90
|
87
|
83
|
80
|
77
|
74
|
71
|
68
|
66
|
63
|
61
|
59
|
56
|
54
|
52
|
49
|
47
|
45
|
42
|
38
|
35
|
32
|
29
|
26
|
23
|
20
|
17
|
100
|
102
|
—
|
—
|
94
|
91
|
88
|
84
|
81
|
78
|
75
|
72
|
69
|
67
|
64
|
62
|
59
|
56
|
54
|
52
|
50
|
48
|
46
|
42
|
38
|
35
|
32
|
29
|
26
|
23
|
21
|
18
|
102
|
104
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
88
|
84
|
81
|
78
|
75
|
72
|
69
|
67
|
64
|
62
|
60
|
57
|
55
|
53
|
50
|
48
|
46
|
42
|
39
|
35
|
32
|
30
|
27
|
24
|
22
|
19
|
104
|
106
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
81
|
78
|
75
|
72
|
69
|
67
|
64
|
62
|
60
|
57
|
55
|
53
|
50
|
48
|
46
|
43
|
39
|
36
|
33
|
30
|
27
|
24
|
22
|
20
|
106
|
108
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
75
|
72
|
69
|
67
|
64
|
62
|
60
|
57
|
55
|
54
|
51
|
49
|
46
|
43
|
40
|
36
|
33
|
31
|
28
|
25
|
23
|
21
|
108
|
110
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
69
|
67
|
65
|
63
|
61
|
58
|
56
|
54
|
51
|
49
|
46
|
43
|
41
|
37
|
34
|
32
|
29
|
26
|
24
|
21
|
110
|
112
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
65
|
63
|
61
|
58
|
56
|
54
|
52
|
50
|
47
|
44
|
42
|
38
|
35
|
33
|
30
|
27
|
24
|
22
|
112
|
114
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
61
|
58
|
56
|
54
|
52
|
50
|
48
|
45
|
42
|
38
|
35
|
33
|
30
|
27
|
25
|
22
|
114
|
116
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
57
|
55
|
53
|
51
|
49
|
46
|
43
|
39
|
36
|
34
|
31
|
28
|
25
|
23
|
116
|
118
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
53
|
51
|
50
|
46
|
43
|
40
|
37
|
34
|
32
|
29
|
26
|
23
|
118
|
120
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
50
|
47
|
44
|
41
|
38
|
35
|
32
|
29
|
26
|
24
|
120
|
125
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
41
|
38
|
35
|
33
|
30
|
27
|
25
|
125
|
130
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
35
|
33
|
31
|
28
|
26
|
130
|
(自Союзнаучдрепром,1985)
由于相对湿度φ
式中: o—— 干球温度下的饱和蒸气压,kpa,可由表1-2查得;
υ—— 湿空气的水蒸气分压力,kpa,可用卡锐尔一卡喷特尔方程计算;
(1-5)
式中: ow —— 湿球温度下的饱和蒸气压,kpa,查表1-2;
—— 大气压,kpa,随海拔高度而异,查表1-3;
C和CW —— 分别为干球和湿球温度,℃。
[例] 已知在海拔高度750m处的空气干球温度20℃,湿球温度10℃,求相对湿度。
[解] 由表1-2查得: o=2.337kPa, ow=1.227kPa,由表1-3查得,在海拔750m处,大气压 =92.5kpa,以上数值代入公式(1-5)得:
=0.63kPa
相对湿度φ×100%=27%
用卡锐尔一卡喷特尔方程计算相对湿度,对不同海拔高度处的相对湿度求解很有效,也足够精确。而根据干湿球温度查表(1-1)法,只能求得接近海平面处的相对湿度,若海拔高度较大,则查表(1-1)法,不够精确。
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